It might be different in the US, but...
We were taught our rights and duties in (literally translates to) Citizenship class. Laws included... kinda... because there's a bunch of them and there's a reason a lot of people drop out of Law school. (have you seen their books? fuck me)
We were taught basic economy in Economy class. Obviously they didn't teach about stocks because that's a very extensive subject in of itself.
How to get a job isn't something that you can really teach in school, you can simply throw them guidelines or sites which help you do this (which we had by the way). It all goes down to how you present yourself and your behavior, something you should learn outside of school.
I am pretty sure there are tax classes/courses in America? There are none in Lithuania, but it's pretty easy to do them here so...
You weren't taught how to vote? Like, how do you imagine "voting" class would work out? It's something that you should learn outside of school from your parents or by doing your own research. If anything, school teaches you how to research stuff which is an integral part of voting.
We have Home Education class where a bunch of 'how to take care of yourself' aspects are covered. Apart from that we had a bunch of visits by doctors who also gave various lectures about health, safety and so on.
How can you teach 'current events'? Dude, have you heard of the news? Again, how would that guy expect that class to work? Not to mention a bunch of people would start to bitch (rightly so) because it would more than likely be a very bias class, depending on the views of the teacher.
You weren't taught how to budget your earnings? Dude, ever heard of math class? Have a spreadsheet with how much you earn, how much taxes on average you pay and how much you pay for food and other essentials and put that money away just for that.
Class on 'how much it's going to cost me to raise a kid'? Is he serious? Math class maybe?
We had basic first aid class (non-mandatory though) in 12th grade. Most of us already had it because you need to finish the course to get your driving license. There's also a weird law that if you have that course you're required to help people who got into accident until the ambulance arrives.
"Or how to buy a house with a mortgage"... Math and Economy class? Does America have neither of them or something?
Oh come on now. I know for a fact that schools in America teach other languages. My emigrant friend speaks French, English and Lithuanian (duh).
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He don't seem to comprehend what school is. You have a class, often with around 20-30 kids in it and a single teacher to supervise them all. You can't make individualistic lessons nor can you cater to everyones needs. That's why school is very generic to start with. They teach you everything, because they aren't sure whether you're going to be a good doctor, politician, judge, programmer or technician. You can't have specialized courses either (for future judges, programmers, factory workers etc) because more often than not people change their minds or just don't have any kind of idea what they want to be.
Also, you can't brush off all teaching responsibility to your schools. You have your parents, who are mature (most of the time anyways) and experienced and can fill you in on some of the points he mentioned. You also have a fuck ton of free extra courses, classes for pretty much anything you can imagine. If you're a lazy shit and can't be bothered to look them up... well that's your problem, isn't it?
tl;dr Stay in school.
It's supposed to from your understanding about our world, how it evolved and what has changed. You barely touch on the topics anyways.
How are they going to know what subject interests you? How would you go about making classes for thousands of kids based upon their interests? It's pretty much impossible to do that.
How can you teach 'common sense'? It's kinda crazy how they don't teach you how to do your taxes though. For us, it's logging into a site and filling in the information, which takes about 5 minutes & that includes getting up and actually looking up how much electricity, water and gas I used up.
